Grape et al. (Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 2003) investigated the possible beneficial effects of singing on well-being. Their study subjects were 8 amateur and professional singers. On each subject, the level of cortisol was measured before and after a singing lesson. The alternative hypothesis of interest was whether cortisol level increases during singing lessons. The dataset includes two variables: before -- person's cortisol level before the singing lesson after -- person's cortisol level after the singing lesson